It is responsible for regulating social and cognitive behavior, planning, and decision-making. The PFC is the anterior part of the cerebral cortex in the frontal lobe. One important region of the cerebral cortex involved in this process is the PFC. Hippocampal neurons carry out these functions by communicating with regions of the cerebral cortex. The hippocampus forms and organizes memories, allowing for efficient consolidation of objects, locations, behaviors, and temporal organization at specific events and retrieval of this information at later dates. The hippocampus belongs to the limbic system and is a paired structure with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. To support rapid encoding of new information and consolidation and organization of memory networks, the brain relies on two important structures, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Structure and Function of the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex More extensive investigations are needed in this important but underexplored research field, in order to shed light on how higher brain functions and myelination interplay in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Some progress has been made to provide new mechanistic insights into activity-independent and activity-dependent regulations of myelination in different experimental systems. Myelin regulation represents a new form of neural plasticity. However, the mechanism and function of these changes remain poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed that long-lasting changes of myelination can be induced in these brain regions by experience, such as social isolation, stress, and alcohol abuse, as well as by neurological and psychiatric abnormalities. Myelin consists of dense layers of lipid membranes wrapping around the axons to provide electrical insulation and trophic support and can profoundly affect neural circuit computation. The axons in these regions continue to be myelinated into adulthood in humans, which coincides with maturation of personality and decision-making. The hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex are interconnected brain regions, playing central roles in higher brain functions, including learning and memory, planning complex cognitive behavior, and moderating social behavior.
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